CONVERSION GUIDES
Step-by-step guides for file conversion, format comparisons, and best practices.
General
24 guidesCBOR: Concise Binary Object Representation Explained
Complete guide to CBOR (Concise Binary Object Representation): RFC 8949 encoding, major types, tags, indefinite-length encoding, COSE securi...
BSON: Binary JSON — MongoDB's Native Data Format
Complete guide to BSON (Binary JSON): type system, encoding, ObjectId, MongoDB driver usage, Python pymongo, BSON vs JSON vs MessagePack, an...
GeoTIFF: Georeferenced Raster Imagery Explained
Complete guide to GeoTIFF: TIFF with geospatial metadata, coordinate systems, projections, Python rasterio and GDAL, Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF...
FITS File Format: The Astronomer's Standard for Scientific Imaging
FITS file format explained — NASA's Flexible Image Transport System for astronomy. HDU structure, BITPIX values, Astropy, CFITSIO, WCS coord...
KML and KMZ Files: Google Earth's Geographic Markup Language
KML and KMZ file format guide — Google Earth's XML-based geographic standard. Placemarks, polygons, NetworkLink, GroundOverlay, style defini...
Shapefile (SHP): The Geospatial Industry's Most-Used Vector Format
ESRI Shapefile (SHP) format guide — the bundle of .shp, .dbf, .shx, and .prj files that stores geographic vector data. Geometry types, DBF a...
IFC Format: The Open Standard for BIM Building Data Exchange
IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) format guide — the open ISO standard for Building Information Modeling. STEP Physical File structure, enti...
NetCDF Format: The Climate Science Standard for Array Data
NetCDF (Network Common Data Form) format guide — the self-describing array format powering climate models, weather reanalysis, and oceanogra...
DWG File Format: AutoCAD's Native Drawing Standard Explained
DWG file format guide — AutoCAD's proprietary binary drawing format. Version history from R14 to 2024, entities, layers, blocks, xrefs, DXF...
E57 File Format: The Open Standard for 3D Laser Scanner Point Clouds
E57 file format guide — the ASTM standard for storing 3D point clouds from terrestrial laser scanners, structured light, and photogrammetry....
GRIB2 Format: The WMO Standard for Weather Forecast and Reanalysis Data
GRIB2 (General Regularly-distributed Information in Binary) format guide — the WMO FM 92 standard for gridded weather forecast and reanalysi...
Gerber Format: The PCB Manufacturing Standard for Circuit Board Data
Gerber (RS-274X) file format guide — the industry standard for PCB manufacturing data. Apertures, layer files, Excellon drill format, Gerber...
OpenEXR Format: The Film VFX Industry's HDR Image Standard
OpenEXR file format guide — ILM's open-source HDR image standard used by every major film VFX studio. Half-float precision, multi-channel la...
MusicXML Format: The Universal Standard for Digital Sheet Music
MusicXML file format guide — the W3C open standard for digital music notation. Score structure, note elements, dynamics, music21 Python libr...
glTF and GLB Format: The JPEG of 3D for Web, Games, and AR
glTF (GL Transmission Format) and GLB guide — the Khronos open standard for 3D model exchange. JSON structure, PBR materials, Draco compress...
USD and USDZ: Pixar's Universal Scene Description for 3D and AR
USD (Universal Scene Description) and USDZ format guide — Pixar's open 3D scene framework used by Apple AR, NVIDIA Omniverse, Blender, and f...
DICOM Format: The Medical Imaging Standard for CT, MRI, and Radiology
DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) format guide — the NEMA standard for medical imaging. File structure, data elements,...
NIfTI: The Standard Format for Brain MRI and fMRI Data
What is NIfTI? Learn how .nii and .nii.gz files store brain MRI and fMRI data, how to read headers and affine matrices in Python with nibabe...
JPEG XL (JXL): The Next-Generation Image Format
What is JPEG XL? Discover how JXL achieves 30–60% smaller files than JPEG, enables lossless JPEG transcoding, supports HDR and animation, an...
IGES: The Universal CAD Interchange Format
What is IGES? Learn how .igs/.iges CAD files work, their five sections, entity types (NURBS, BREP, annotations), how to read them in Python...
BigTIFF: TIFF Without the 4 GB Limit
What is BigTIFF? Learn how 64-bit offsets remove TIFF's 4 GB limit, how to create and read BigTIFF files with GDAL and rasterio in Python, C...
MEI: XML-Based Music Encoding for Musicology
What is MEI (Music Encoding Initiative)? Learn how this XML schema encodes music notation, critical apparatus, manuscript facsimiles, and ha...
HDF5: Hierarchical Data Format for Scientific Computing
What is HDF5? Learn how the Hierarchical Data Format stores large scientific datasets with groups, datasets, attributes, chunking, and compr...
LAS and LAZ: The Standard LiDAR Point Cloud Formats
What are LAS and LAZ files? Learn how LiDAR point cloud data is stored in the ASPRS LAS format, how LAZ compression works, and how to read,...
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